Definition, History Of Linux, The Linux Command Base

Linux is an operating system that is multi-user and multi-tasking, which can run on different. This operating system to POSIX standard. Linux can be a good berinteroperasi with other operating systems, including Apple, Microsoft and Novell. Linux actually referring to a complete collection of software that, together with the kernel compile a complete operating system. This operating system environment includes hundreds of programs, including compilers, interpreters, editors and utilities. Tools that support connectivity, Ethernet, PPP and SLIP, and interoperability. Software products that are reliable (reliable), including the development of the last version. Group of developers who are spread throughout the world who have worked to make Linux and portable to a new platform, also supports the community so that users have different needs and users can also participate and act as their own team of developers.

One of the things that differentiate the Linux operating system to another is the price. Linux is cheaper and can be distributed and back without having to pay fees or royalties to someone. But there are other things besides the main consideration is the price of the source code. Linux source code is available for all people so that everyone can be involved directly in development.

This freedom has allowed the vendor to make the device drivers for hardware devices without having to obtain a specific license source code that expensive or sign Non Disclosure Agreement (NDA). And it also provides the possibility for everyone to see in a real operating system and commercial quality. 

       Because Linux is freely available on the internet, various vendors have created a package distrbusi that can be considered as a packaged version of Linux. Package includes a full Linux environment, penagkat software for installation and may include special software and special support.

History Of Linux

Linux was initially created by a Finnish student named Linus Torvalds. Former Linux project is a hobby that diinspirasikan from Minix, a small UNIX system developed by Andrew Tanenbaum. However, Linus feel that Minix still has many weaknesses. And thence, in the age to 23, Linus start-atik lead Minix kernel. And he began to develop a system that is compatible with the IBM PC. In August 1991, was born 0:01 Linux Linus oprekan results, and on 5 October 1991, officially announced the Linux Linus 0:02, which can only run bash and gcc compiler. In addition, the Linus operating system also publish the complete buatannya codenya with the source, who was greeted with great enthusiasm by the programmers and developers around the world in order to develop together. 

       Currently, Linux is a UNIX system is complete, can be used for the network, software development and even for the day-to-day work. Linux is an alternative operating system that is much cheaper if compared with commercial operating systems (such as Windows 9.x/NT/2000/ME). Linux has a very rapid development. This is made possible because Linux is developed by a diverse group of people. These include the level of knowledge, experience and geography. So that these groups can communicate quickly and efficiently, the Internet becomes a very appropriate choice.

Because the Linux kernel developed by the independent business, many applications available, for example, using gcc C compilers of the Free Software Foundation's GNU Project. Compilers are widely used in environmental Hewlett-Packard and Sun. 

   Today, many Linux applications that can be used for purposes such as offices for the spreadsheet, word processor, database and graphics editor program that has the look and function like Microsoft Office, the Star Office. In addition, there are versions available for Linux, and Corel applications such as Matlab, which is known as the Linux Scilab. 

    Linux can be found in a variety of distribution (often called distributions). Distribution is a bundle of the Linux kernel, along with basic linux system, the installation program, basic tools, programs and other benefits in accordance with the purposes of making distributions. There are many Linux distributions, including:

• RedHat, the distribution of the most popular, at least in Indonesia. RedHat distribution is the first installation and operation easy. 
• Debian, the distribution to the stability and reliability, although the expense of convenience and kemutakhiran aspects of the program. Debian uses. Deb packages in the installation program. 
• Slackware, a distribution that has been dominate in the Linux world. Almost all the documentation based on Slackware Linux. Two important things from Slackware, is that all content (kernel, libraries, or application) is that reliability. So may be slightly older but certainly stable. The second because he recommends to install from source, so that every program that we install the system fully optimized with us. This is the reason he did not want to use the binary RPM and up to Slackware 4.0, it still uses libc5 not glibc2 as the other. 
• SuSe, the distribution is very popular with YaST (Yet another Setup Tool) to configure the system. SuSE distribution is the first installation where you can use the Indonesian language. 
• Mandrake, RedHat distribution is a variant optimized for pentium. If we use the computer to pentium top general, the way Linux can be more quickly with Mandrake. 
• WinLinux, distribution, which is designed to install on a DOS partition (Windows). So to be on the run-click from Windows. WinLinux made as if the application is a program under Windows

And many other distributions, distributions that have been available and which will appear. Until now, Linux is built by the various communities and do not wonder if many Linux distributions-distributions outstanding. Start from the port to a free, for from beginner to advanced, and usually with many Linux distributions outstanding will make people confused to select the distribution. Imagine, there is what the distribution attain hundred or even thousands offering. However, slowly but surely, among Linux distributions-distributions is that there is equal (or even) exceeds the ability of the giant family Operating System (Microsoft) and more easily and with the full support of the Linux hardware, Linux will likely be an alternative (or even system The main operation in the world).

The Basic Structure in Linux

  Linux has a structure of the system with different operating systems, which are generally known and used in Indonesia, namely Microsoft Windows. In Linux, all considered as a file from the hardware, partitions, files, directories, devices and so forth. Directory layout is different, not known for the drive letter (c: \, d: \ e: \ and so forth), which is known as the structure of the tree or the tree starts from the root (/). For each distribution, have differences on the order of the directory that is owned, but in outline, the function of the directory is as follows:  

Or known as root, root or a parent of the directory tree in linux. Here are all the directory :

• / bin, is a directory that is used for storing k base of Linux applications, such as cp, mv, and so forth 
  
• / boot, is a directory used to store and configuration files associated with the process of booting 
  
• / dev, is a directory used to store the configuration of the hardware devices or systems, such as hard disk (hda, sda), terminal (tty) and so forth. 
  
• / etc, is a directory used to store e anomalouswave configuration of the system, such as configuration service, scheduling and so forth 
  
• / home directory is used to store user information and personal user data 
  
• / lib, is a directory that digunakna to save the library from the basic system 
  
• / media / mnt, is a directory that is used for the process of mounting media or file-sharing network 
  
• / opt, is a directory that digunakna to store additional applications beyond applications from distributions 
  
• / proc, is a directory used to store information and process systems kernal of the operating system 
  
• / root, is the home directory of the root user 
  
• / sbin, is a directory to save the application base of Linux that are only run by the system or super-user (root), for instance iptables 
  
• / usr, is a directory to save the apilkasi installed for the purpose of the user, such as OpenOffice, Kate and so forth 
  
• / var, is a directory to save the log information recording system, web server and so forth

In the Basic Linux Commands 

Start and End Linux

• shutdown-h now, a linux 
  
• halt, a linux 
  
• shutdown-r now, me-reboot linux 
  
• reboot, reboot-for-linux 
  
• It, Running X Window server
  

The file and directory manipulation 

• ls-l, Showing all the files in the directory with the format long 
  
• ls-F, Showing all the files and type in the directory with the format long 
  
• ls-Lac, Showing all the files in the directory with the length and format of the display column 
  
• rm myfile, Deleting files myfile 
  
• rm-rf mydir, Removing mydir directory and all files inside 
  
• mv mawa / home / ivn, mawa Moving files to the directory ivn
  
• myfile paint, Showing the contents of the file myfile 
  
• more myfile, Showing the contents of the file myfile 
  
• less myfile, Showing the contents of the file myfile 
  
• myfile head, Showing the first 10 lines of the contents of the file myfile 
  
• -20 myfile head, Showing the first 20 lines of the contents of the file myfile 
  
• myfile tail, Showing 10 last line of the file's contents myfile 
  
• -20 myfile tail, Showing 20 last line of the file's contents myfile 
  
• man more, Showing manually from the command more

Mounting and Access File System 

• mount-t iso9660 / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom, me-mount cdrom iso9660 in the format and meletakkanya in / mnt / cdrom 
  
• mount-t msdos / dev / hdd / mnt / ddrive, me-mounted hard drive hdd in the format msdos and meletakkanya in / mnt / ddrive 
  
• mount-t VFAT / dev/hda1 / mnt / cddrive, me-mounted hard drive hda1 in the format VFAT and meletakkanya in / mnt / ddrive 
  
• umount / mnt / cdrom, a conference on the cdrom
  

Finding files and text files in 

• find /-name pie, Search for files named pie, starting from the root directory 
  
• find /-name "* * mawa," Searching for a file that contains the string mawa, starting from the root directory 
  
• That mawa, Showing location of the file excutable called mawa 
  
• WhereIs mawa, Showing location of the file excutable called mawa 
  
• grep pie / cweatie, Finding all the files that contain the string pie, starting from the directory / animals 

Installing the Application Software 

• rpm-ihv via.rpm, Meng-install software package called via rpm 
  
• rpm-Uhv via.rpm, Meng-update software package called via rpm
  
• rpm-e via.rpm, Removing the software package called via rpm 
  
• rpm-l via.rpm, Showing all the files in a software package called via rpm 
  
• rpm-ql via.rpm, Showing all the files and versions of the software packages in the installer called via rpm 
  
• rpm-i - force nupi, Meng re-install the file pie 
  
• tar-zxvf mawa.gz or mawa, Meng-extract the files compressed in the gzip and tar called mawa 
  
• . / configure, Running the script to start mengkompile files that will install the 

Administrasi X Windows

• Xvidtune, Running Tuning utility for X Graphics 
  
• XF86Setup, Running X menu configurator 
  
• Xconfigurator, Running X configurator with automatic probing card 
  
• XF86Config, Running X in the base text configurator 

User Administration 

• adduser arvan, Creating a new user named arvan 
  
• arvan password, Create a password for the user arvan 
  
• su, Login as a regular user of the superuser 
  
• exit, Exit superuser and return to a normal user
  

and this is a command di linux :

alias    Create an alias

apropos  Search Help manual pages (man -k)

awk      Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index

bash     GNU Bourne-Again SHell 

bc       Arbitrary precision calculator language 

bg       Send to background 

break    Exit from a loop

builtin  Run a shell builtin

bzip2    Compress or decompress named file(s)

cal      Display a calendar

case     Conditionally perform a command

cat      Display the contents of a file

cd       Change Directory

cfdisk   Partition table manipulator for Linux

chgrp    Change group ownership

chmod    Change access permissions

chown    Change file owner and group

chroot   Run a command with a different root directory

cksum    Print CRC checksum and byte counts

clear    Clear terminal screen

cmp      Compare two files

comm     Compare two sorted files line by line

command  Run a command - ignoring shell functions

continue Resume the next iteration of a loop

cp       Copy one or more files to another location

cron     Daemon to execute scheduled commands

crontab  Schedule a command to run at a later time

csplit   Split a file into context-determined pieces

cut      Divide a file into several parts

date     Display or change the date & time

dc       Desk Calculator

dd       Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records

ddrescue Data recovery tool

declare  Declare variables and give them attributes

df       Display free disk space

diff     Display the differences between two files

diff3    Show differences among three files

dig      DNS lookup

dir      Briefly list directory contents

dircolors Colour setup for `ls'

dirname  Convert a full pathname to just a path

dirs     Display list of remembered directories

du       Estimate file space usage

echo     Display message on screen

egrep    Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression

eject    Eject removable media

enable   Enable and disable builtin shell commands

env      Environment variables

ethtool  Ethernet card settings

eval     Evaluate several commands/arguments

exec     Execute a command

exit     Exit the shell

expand   Convert tabs to spaces

export   Set an environment variable

expr     Evaluate expressions

false    Do nothing, unsuccessfully

fdformat Low-level format a floppy disk

fdisk    Partition table manipulator for Linux

fg       Send job to foreground 

fgrep    Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string

file     Determine file type

find     Search for files that meet a desired criteria

fmt      Reformat paragraph text

fold     Wrap text to fit a specified width.

for      Expand words, and execute commands

format   Format disks or tapes

free     Display memory usage

fsck     File system consistency check and repair

ftp      File Transfer Protocol

function Define Function Macros

gawk     Find and Replace text within file(s)

getopts  Parse positional parameters

grep     Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern

groups   Print group names a user is in

gzip     Compress or decompress named file(s)

hash     Remember the full pathname of a name argument

head     Output the first part of file(s)

history  Command History

hostname Print or set system name

id       Print user and group id's

if       Conditionally perform a command

ifconfig Configure a network interface

import   Capture an X server screen and save the image to file

install  Copy files and set attributes

join     Join lines on a common field

kill     Stop a process from running

less     Display output one screen at a time

let      Perform arithmetic on shell variables

ln       Make links between files

local    Create variables

locate   Find files

logname  Print current login name

logout   Exit a login shell

look     Display lines beginning with a given string

lpc      Line printer control program

lpr      Off line print

lprint   Print a file

lprintd  Abort a print job

lprintq  List the print queue

lprm     Remove jobs from the print queue

ls       List information about file(s)

lsof     List open files

make     Recompile a group of programs

man      Help manual

mkdir    Create new folder(s)

mkfifo   Make FIFOs (named pipes)

mkisofs  Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem

mknod    Make block or character special files

more     Display output one screen at a time

mount    Mount a file system

mtools   Manipulate MS-DOS files

mv       Move or rename files or directories

netstat  Networking information

nice     Set the priority of a command or job

nl       Number lines and write files

nohup    Run a command immune to hangups

nslookup Query Internet name servers interactively

open     Open a file in its default application

op       Operator access 

passwd   Modify a user password

paste    Merge lines of files

pathchk  Check file name portability

ping     Test a network connection

popd     Restore the previous value of the current directory

pr       Prepare files for printing

printcap Printer capability database

printenv Print environment variables

printf   Format and print data

ps       Process status

pushd    Save and then change the current directory

pwd      Print Working Directory

quota    Display disk usage and limits

quotacheck Scan a file system for disk usage

quotactl Set disk quotas

ram      ram disk device

rcp      Copy files between two machines.

read     read a line from standard input

readonly Mark variables/functions as readonly

renice   Alter priority of running processes 

remsync  Synchronize remote files via email

return   Exit a shell function

rm       Remove files

rmdir    Remove folder(s)

rsync    Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

screen   Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh

scp      Secure copy (remote file copy)

sdiff    Merge two files interactively

sed      Stream Editor

select   Accept keyboard input

seq      Print numeric sequences

set      Manipulate shell variables and functions

sftp     Secure File Transfer Program

shift    Shift positional parameters

shopt    Shell Options

shutdown Shutdown or restart linux

sleep    Delay for a specified time

sort     Sort text files

source   Run commands from a file `.'

split    Split a file into fixed-size pieces

ssh      Secure Shell client (remote login program)

strace   Trace system calls and signals

su       Substitute user identity

sudo     Execute a command as another user

sum      Print a checksum for a file

symlink  Make a new name for a file

sync     Synchronize data on disk with memory

tail     Output the last part of files

tar      Tape ARchiver

tee      Redirect output to multiple files

test     Evaluate a conditional expression

time     Measure Program running time

times    User and system times

touch    Change file timestamps

top      List processes running on the system

traceroute Trace Route to Host

trap     Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)

tr       Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

true     Do nothing, successfully

tsort    Topological sort

tty      Print filename of terminal on stdin

type     Describe a command

ulimit   Limit user resources

umask    Users file creation mask

umount   Unmount a device

unalias  Remove an alias

uname    Print system information

unexpand Convert spaces to tabs

uniq     Uniquify files

units    Convert units from one scale to another

unset    Remove variable or function names

unshar   Unpack shell archive scripts

until    Execute commands (until error)

useradd  Create new user account

usermod  Modify user account

users    List users currently logged in

uuencode Encode a binary file 

uudecode Decode a file created by uuencode

v        Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

vdir     Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b')

vi       Text Editor

watch    Execute/display a program periodically

wc       Print byte, word, and line counts

whereis  Report all known instances of a command    

which    Locate a program file in the user's path. 

while    Execute commands

who      Print all usernames currently logged in

whoami   Print the current user id and name (`id -un')

Wget     Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

xargs    Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)

yes      Print a string until interrupted

.        Run a command script in the current shell

###      Comment / Remark

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